Salmonellosis is one of the most common acute intestinal diseases, often occurring in the form of group outbreaks with food transmission factor. Among infections of bacterial etiology, it has the highest incidence rates. Infection is registered in all countries and is an pressing medical problem, including the Russian Federation. Also, the public health problem is the resistance of the pathogen to antimicrobial drugs, there is a constant need to determine sensitivity for the correction of therapy.

The purpose of our study was to determine the etiological structure of salmonellosis and sensitivity of individual salmonella isolates to antibacterial drugs in the Republic of Mordovia in various years of observation. The material of this study was the case histories of 500 patients hospitalized in Republican Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis of medical records was carried out.

We have identified that in the territory of the Republic of Mordovia, the incidence of salmonellosis for many years exceeded the average incidence in Russia. At the same time, its decline was noted during the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (as well as in Russia as a whole). The article reflects the results of the analysis of the etiological structure, provides data on the dynamic monitoring of the sensitivity of salmonella to antibacterial drugs in the republic. We noted that the appearance of new serological variants of the pathogen is often recorded. At the same time, S. Enteritidis remains predominant.

Enteritidis, Munchen, Newport, and Glostrup were highly sensitive to fluoroquinolones, betalactams, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. However, there is a growing trend in the resistance of salmonella to antibacterial drugs, sometimes simultaneously to five and six. Low sensitivity was revealed to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline (more often in S. Enteritidis and S. Glostrup). The information obtained can be used to assess the epidemiological situation, to monitor antimicrobial resistance within the framework of epidemiological surveillance, to optimize antibacterial therapy, as well as in the educational process and clinical practice.

A research using index methods for assessing the hygiene of removable orthopedic denture splints was carried out. The purpose of the article is to study the evolution of objective methods for assessing the hygienic state of removable dental and complex orthopedic denture splints. A patent and information search was carried out in the databases eLIBRARY, Pub Med, Web of Science and Scopus to achieve this goal. The search for materials from original literary resources was done by keywords. 50 resources were analyzed: 47 Russian and 3 foreign ones. The work presents the analytical review of the issues. The chronological sequence shows the existing methods of index assessment of the hygiene of removable orthopedic denture splints. Their advantages and disadvantages were described. Objective index assessment of the hygienic state of the oral cavity as a whole, removable dental and maxillofacial orthopedic denture splints in particular is quite relevant. A quick, convenient, objective and accurate assessment of the hygienic state of the oral cavity in general and removable orthopedic structures using various indices is important to prevent pathological processes that occur after the application of removable orthopedic splints to the support tissues of the prosthetic bed and their subsequent use by the patient, first of all, in the dynamics of clinical observations.

The public health of the population, especially children, is determined to a large extent by morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, infectious diseases account for up to 70 % in the structure of all childhood morbidity and about 80 % in the structure of infant mortality. More than 30 new nosological forms of infectious diseases have been identified, in connection with which the concept of «new infections» has been introduced. At the same time, the level of infectious morbidity is not stable and is subject to fluctuations, which are associated both with the influence of natural factors, the emergence of new infections, and with the implementation of preventive measures. An analysis of the data on the dynamics of infectious morbidity in children and adolescents in Yakutia showed a similar picture. It became obvious that optimistic ideas about the possibility of eliminating infectious diseases turned out to be untenable. The epidemiological situation regarding the incidence of «preventable infections» in children remains tense, which is largely due to defects in the routine vaccination of children. Using the example of HBV, diphtheria and rubella vaccination, we have significant success. However, an example of a measles outbreak in 2019-2020 showed the importance of mass vaccination coverage. The incidence of pertussis also becomes high with large fluctuations in different years. Indicators of infectious diseases are directly dependent on the coverage of children with preventive vaccinations. Among infectious diseases against which there are no means of mass immunization, in the present, as in previous years, the first place belongs to acute infections of the upper respiratory tract, the causative agents of which are more than 200 viruses. An important place in the infectious morbidity of children belongs to acute intestinal infections. The lack of a complete etiological decoding of infectious diseases is a serious problem. The change in the epidemiological situation in the country during the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a number of problems and opportunities for their solution. The pandemic period has shown that fairly simple and inexpensive anti-epidemic measures have a good effect.

This article discusses the history of studying Parkinson’s disease (PD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world and Russia. Many famous personalities suffer from this disease, including a Hollywood actor Michael J. Fox. However, the history of studying PD consists of several stages. The phenomenological stage is associated with the work «An Essay on Shaking Palsy» by James Parkinson, where the author described six patients. Fifty years after the essay was published, Jean Martin Charcot drew attention to patients with shaking palsy, and based on the Parkinson’s essay, put forward the theory that the main symptom of the disease is slowness. At the pathomorphological stage, the role of the loss of substantia nigra neurons in the development of PD was determined. The key work was the nigral theory of Konstantin Tretyakov. At the beginning of the 21st century, German scientists led by Heiko Braak put forward the stages of the neurodegenerative process theory, which explained the preclinical non-motor symptoms of PD, as well as a wide range of severe non-motor and axial disorders in the late stages of the disease. The neurobiological stage is associated with the establishment of the role of dopamine in the development of PD and the start of levodopa therapy. Since 1911, levodopa had been studied in the laboratory, but it was not until the 1950s that the Swedish pharmacologist Arvid Karlsson put forward the theory about the role of dopamine deficiency in the development of PD and suggested the therapeutic effect of levodopa. For his outstanding discovery, Arvid Karlsson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000. The clinical use of levodopa is associated with the names of Oleg Hornykiewicz and George Cotzias. In parallel, neurosurgical treatment of PD is being developed, deep brain stimulation and thalamotomy under the influence of focused ultrasound are being introduced. At the moment, there is a further improvement in the diagnosis of the disease, the genetics of PD is being studied, along with it, the range of treatment options is expanding.

According to the definition of the World Health Organization, the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2, despite a clear decline in the spread, still remains a «global emergency of international importance». COVID-19 strains are constantly mutating and can cause diseases with a non-standard clinical picture and severity of the course. The relevance of the topic under study is also due to the fact that both in Russia and globally, severe forms of NCVI are noted primarily in comorbid patients. Conditions that are most often associated with an unfavorable prognosis include cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), liver and kidney diseases.

Russian and foreign studies have shown that the presence of concomitant diseases and late contact with medical institutions are the most common causes of death in cases of novel coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2. This article presents a clinical case of a severe course of COVID-19 with the development of complications in the form of acute myocardial infarction with a fatal outcome in a patient who was at special risk: type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, age (over 65 years), male. Despite the targeted specific treatment, active prevention of thromboembolic complications, oxygen therapy, on the 7th day of stay in the intensive care unit, the patient developed an acute myocardial infarction. This clinical case confirms the risk and pathogenetic relationship between a severe COVID-19 and significant cardiovascular complications in comorbid patients.

CHD retains a leading position worldwide due to high rates of mortality and disability. The best and proven strategy aimed at saving the damaged myocardium in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is rapid and effective reperfusion of the ischemic heart muscle through primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or pharmacoinvasive therapy. However, the restoration of blood flow by itself can lead to reperfusion damage to the affected myocardium. In acute coronary catastrophe caused by acute occlusion of the coronary artery, myocardial stun and hibernation develop locally. With STEMI, hibernation can be observed both near the infarction zone and in more distant areas of the myocardium. In patients with STEMI, the appearance of life-threatening arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation) occurs in 4.3 % of cases and is primarily associated with reperfusion after PCI. In most cases, arrhythmias that occur during the procedure are stopped spontaneously; however, when accompanied by ventricular tachyarrhythmia, hemodynamic instability, the use of electric pulse therapy (EIT) is provided. The article presents a clinical case of a patient C., 52, whose reperfusion syndrome manifested itself by the development of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias: unstable ventricular tachycardia «torsade de points» with transformation into VF, which were stopped by EIT: defibrillation. No recurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia was observed in this patient. At this stage, we explain the resulting episode of unstable ventricular tachycardia with short-term myocardial stunning due to short-term ischemia and myocardial damage.

Insufficient attention has been paid to the problem of controlling reproductive losses in the medical and social context of the population in literature. Each country and region has its own peculiarities of controlling the dynamics of the level of this indicator, including the novelty of studying the medical and social processes of the Far North and Arctic regions. The relevance of this work consists in an interdisciplinary integrated approach to the analysis of medical and social problems of reproductive losses of the population of the Far North and Arctic regions of the Russian Federation. To implement the interdisciplinary approach, a group of methods is integrated: 1) epidemiological – to identify problems of prevention, causes, conditions and mechanisms of morbidity formation in order to justify preventive measures; 2) clinical and statistical – to analyze cases of reproductive losses; 3) anthropometric – to assess physical development; 4) sociological – to study the socio–hygienic conditions of living, quality of life, the formation of reproductive behaviors and reproductive attitudes; 5) statistical and mathematical – to identify the presence and nature of dependencies and differences between the signs of the studied phenomena. The authors formed and justified the «case-control» research method and proposed strategies for a comprehensive assessment of reproductive losses to achieve the purpose of the study: to scientifically substantiate the system of medical and social measures to control reproductive losses in women of reproductive age on the basis of its comprehensive assessment.

One of the tasks of a developed society with a high standard of living is to increase life expectancy. It is worth understanding that the increasing number of young-old and old-old population causes the importance of developing gerontology and geriatrics. Causes and consequences of aging of the central nervous system departments have been studied sufficiently; nevertheless, anatomical data on the brain structures in the age aspect, namely on changes in the brain stem volume, are poorly presented. The aim of the investigation was to carry out a comparative analysis of brain stem volume parameters in young-old and old-old men and women according to magnetic resonance imaging data. The data of magnetic resonance imaging were analyzed in 94 patients examined in the Department of Radiation Diagnostics of State Autonomous Healthcare Institution of Perm Krai «City Clinical Hospital №» in the period of 2020-2022. The patients were divided into two groups according to age periodization. The first group consists of young-old people: 27 men aged 61-74 years and 23 women aged 56-73 years. The second group was represented by old-old individuals: 23 men aged 75-88 and 21 women aged 75-88. The study sample included persons without pathologies of central and peripheral nervous system, with absence of alcohol or drug addiction, with skulls of medium shape – mesocranes. The volume of the brain stem was determined in the 3D reconstruction mode. A tendency to the prevalence of parameters of the trunk volume in the young-old men and women in comparison with representatives of the old-old age (p>0.05) was established. In each age group studied, there was a tendency for prevalence of brain stem volume parameters in men compared to women (p>0.05). Thus, the obtained data add to the scientific knowledge about age-related anatomical features of the brain stem, which, in turn, will allow their use in assessing its volume in elderly and senile patients.

When exposed to even a small dose of an ionizing phenomenon, a significant increase in neuropsychiatric diseases is observed in the future, which were difficult to succumb to and persisted throughout the life span. Despite the fact that in most cases there is a dysfunction of a borderline nature, they are manifested by cognitive disorders, decreased performance and early aging of the body. High medical and social sensitivity to such problems is detected, the relevance of identifying neuromorphological changes in the central nervous system is determined. However, the observed neuromorphological and statistical methods do not make it possible to reveal the probability of the occurrence of radiation damage to the brain and to assess the role of the ionizing factor in the growth of morbidity is rather laborious. It is clear that interdisciplinary approaches are needed to assess radiation-induced changes in the brain in experimental experimental and mathematical modeling.

There are quite a lot of scientific works that reveal some aspects of the heliogeophysical factors’s influence on the state of the rheological properties of human blood. Nevertheless, the study of the mechanisms of such influence remains open, which is associated with the difficulty of reproducing laboratory experiments, the heterogeneity and short duration of the analyzed time series of medical and biological data, as well as the interdisciplinarity of this area. The aim of this review is to analyze current research results and new original approaches to studying this issue. The results of studies published in the PubMed, Cyberleninka and eLibrary databases for the period from 1990-2021 were devoted to the study of the influence of heliogeophysical disturbances on the state of human hemorheology, and also this data was analyzed. The analysis of the literature showed a connection between heliogeophysical disturbance and the development of hemocoagulation disorders of humans, a tendency to an increase in the degree of platelet aggregation and an acceleration of the onset of thrombosis, a deterioration in the state of the microvasculature, which is most pronounced among people with diseases of the cardiovascular system. In patients with coronary artery disease, the same type of reactions was revealed, expressed by an increase in coagulation, there were heart rhythm disorders and the appearance of episodes of myocardial ischemia.

The formation of the stomach and its functional maturation occupy a significant period of ontogenesis, in which the process of complex interaction of the structural elements of the primary intestine takes place. For periand neonatologists, ultrasound diagnostics doctors, 16-22 weeks of pregnancy are especially important. There is no information on the topography of the human fetal stomach in the scientific literature. During the study, new information was obtained on the topography of parts of the stomach at 16-22 weeks of ontogenesis. The features of the syntopy of parts of the stomach include unexpressed contact with the diaphragm, almost complete closure of the anterior wall by the lobes of the liver, contact of small curvature with the caudate lobe of the liver, lack of contact with the left kidney, tight coupling with the left adrenal gland. The hepatic-duodenal, hepatic-gastric, gastro-diaphragmatic and gastro-splenic ligaments are quite well differentiated. The forming pre-pancreatic and omentum bags are determined, which at this stage of ontogenesis are slit gaps, practically devoid of air spaces. However, the shape and position of the pre-ventricular sac at 16-22 weeks of intrauterine development do not coincide with the boundaries of that of an adult. During the study period, the levels of the esophagus-stomach transition were also determined in the fetus, protectively located in the Th_IX body area, at the height of the Th_VIII rib, along the left circumflex line.

The stomach of the fetus at 16-17 weeks of development is located at the level of Th_VII (lower edge) by Th_XI (lower edge), by 22 weeks the stomach drops to the level of Th_VIII by L_I (upper edge). A feature of skeletotopy of the stomach is a more stable location at the specified time of human ontogenesis, where the bottom of the stomach is determined in the projection Th_VIII, the cardiac part at the level of Th_VIII-Th_IX, the body of the stomach -Th_X-XI and the pyloric part at the height of Th_XI-XII. The pre-pancreatic and omentum bags at week 16-22 of ontogenesis are slit-like gaps. Horizontal and sagittal cuts allow us to determine the characteristic features of syntopia and skeletotopia of the stomach. The data obtained supplement the available information on the age-related anatomy of the stomach of newborns, children, and adults, and are also of interest to anatomists, topographers, neonatologists, ultrasound diagnostics doctors, pediatricians and fetal surgeons.