Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract in infantis

Congenital malformations are a common pathology. They can be the main causes of morbidity, mortality in infants and disability in old age. The purpose of the review: to expand the understanding of the frequency, structure, causes, diagnostics of children with congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. To search for scientific articles, the Google system, websites: E-library and PubMed were used. By keywords, 2478 publications were found in the E-library database, 764 publications in the PubMed database over the past 5 years, 41 of them are described. Data on the organogenesis of the digestive system and information on what defects are formed from various parts of the primary intestine are provided. This article discusses esophageal atresia, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Meckel’s diverticulum, Hirschsprung’s disease, Ladd’s syndrome, anal atresia, and biliary atresia. The frequency of their occurrence is presented; the most common defect is atresia. The formation of the sections of the gastrointestinal tract is described in relation to the anatomical relationship and blood supply, the presentation is carried out sequentially in relation to the embryonic source. The pathogenesis, features of clinical manifestations, various methods of modern diagnostics and specialized medical care are briefly described. The main method of treatment at present is minimally invasive surgery. Video-assisted operations are used, such as peroral submucous pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pylorostenosis or transanal endorectal reduction for Hirschsprung’s disease. The expansion of the range of use of robotic technology for treatment is discussed. The issue of using transplantation of pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease is debatable.

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