The relationship of constitutional features of athletes with indicators of external respiration

The aim of the work was to identify the relationships between the constitutional features of athletes and indicators of respiratory function. 81 martial artists participated in the study, the average age of the surveyed was 20.9 ± 0.36 years. All the surveyed sportsmen were pupils of the Republic’s Center for Sports Training of national teams of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The research program included anthropometric measurements (body length and weight, transverse diameter of the chest), somatotyping using the Rees-Eisenck method (classification into asthenic, normosthenic and picnic types of constitution) and examination of respiratory functions (SPIRO S-100 spirometer). During spirometry, the following parameters were recorded: respiratory volume, reserve volume of inspiration, reserve volume of expiration, inspiration capacity and vital lung capacity. Resistance to hypoxia was assessed using the Stange and Genche tests, and the integrated assessment of the adaptive capabilities of the cardiorespiratory system was based on the Skibinsky index. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the SPSS 22,0 application software package. The results of the study revealed a statistically significant relationship between the somatotype according to the Rees-Eisenck index and indicators of respiratory function. In particular, the athletes with the picnic type of constitution had higher values of spirometric parameters: reserve inspiratory volume, inspiratory capacity and vital lung capacity. The value of the VLC depends on the type of sport and must be taken into account when assessing the functional state of athletes. The athletes with the normosthenic type demonstrated greater resistance to hypoxia, which was expressed in an increase in the time of holding their breath in the Stange and Genche tests compared with those with the asthenic type. The asthenic type of constitution was characterized by the predominance of “satisfactory” levels of the Skibinsky index, indicating a lower adaptive reserve. The data obtained emphasize the importance of taking into account the constitutional characteristics of athletes when assessing their functional state and developing individualized training programs aimed at optimizing adaptation to physical exertion and improving athletic performance.

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