The role of oral dysbiosis in respiratory pathology and systemic diseases (literature review)

During the evolution, there were complex multicomponent and contradictory relations between humans and oral microorganisms. The presence of physiological microbiota (i.e. microbial colonization of the skin surface and mucous membranes) is vital for humans to form metabolic and immune homeostasis properly. For the favorable growth and development of microorganisms, constant humidity, temperature, pH, regular intake of nutrients, macro- and microelements are necessary, therefore, the oral cavity is a favorable environment for maintaining the life of microflora. Immediately after birth, the skin of the baby, mouth and nose, intestines are colonized by microorganisms through breathing, feeding and contact with caregivers of the newborn. In this case, the initial settlement of the nasal cavity by microorganisms occurs, and the nasopharyngeal microbiota of the child resembles the composition of the maternal vaginal or skin microbiota. After reaching the age of 65, the composition of the microbiome is gradually depleted, loses its diversity, becoming more similar to the microbiome of the pharynx and oral cavity. The consequences of the microbial background affection in the oral cavity are caries and its complications, diseases of the periodontal and mucous membranes. Studies in recent decades demonstrate the role of oral microbiota in systemic diseases, in particular the respiratory system, but the degree of influence is still at the early stage of study. In addition, respiratory diseases and their therapy cause microbiota dysbiosis and oral diseases. On the one hand, it can further aggravate diseases of the respiratory system, forming a vicious circle. Also, dysbiosis in these areas can affect the activity of the carious process and intensify its course. An in-depth study of the oral and nasal microbiota and microbiome paves the way for the prevention and treatment of various oral and respiratory diseases. In general, the role of oral dysbiosis in respiratory pathology and systemic diseases is undoubted, which requires further research to improve medical and social rehabilitation.

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