<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vfumed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Северо-Восточного федерального университета имени М.К. Аммосова. Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Серия «Медицинские науки. Medical Sciences»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Medical Sciences</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5590</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Северо-Восточный федеральный университет имени М.К. Аммосова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25587/SVFU.2020.21.4.005</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vfumed-78</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>НЕИНВАЗИВНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ФИБРОЗА ПЕЧЕНИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloveva</surname><given-names>Y. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">md.pop@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский институт ФГАОУ ВО “Северо-восточный федеральный институт имени М.К. Аммосова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Medicine, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Соловьева Ю.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соловьева Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soloveva Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.smnsvfu.ru/jour/article/view/78">https://www.smnsvfu.ru/jour/article/view/78</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен обзор научных статей о неинвазивных тестах для диагностики активности и стадии фиброзных изменений в ткани печени. Несмотря на высокую информативность биопсии, эта инвазивная процедура не лишена недостатков. Наиболее распространенным считается осложнение в виде кровотечения, которое происходит в 0,1 - 4,6 % выполненных биопсий. Поэтому в настоящее время растет доступность и признание неинвазивных тестов. Существуют прямые и непрямые маркеры фиброза печени, последние используются для НИТ, основанных на сывороточных маркетах. Из них наиболее изученными являются группа тестов FibroTest, индекс APRI, FIB-4, соотношение АСТ/АЛТ (AAR). Кроме названных НИТ, существуют другие непатентованные тесты: индекс Лока, использующий уровень тромбоцитов, АСТ, АЛТ, а также МНО; индекс Форнс - холестерин, ГГТ, количество тромбоцитов и возраст; Шкала Кинга - возраст, АСТ, МНО, количество тромбоцитов; AAR - соотношение АСТ и АЛТ, а также иные прогностические модели. В статье также рассмотрены ультразвуковые методики: сдвиговолновая эластография, транзиентная эластография (Тэ), точечная сдвиговолновая эластография (pSWE), многомерная сдвиговолновая эластография (2D-SWE). Учитывая низкую специфичность НИТ, основанных на сывороточных маркерах, инвазивность биопсии, наблюдается тенденция к поиску инновационных высокочувствительных методов диагностики. К таким методам относится МРТ-эластография и Т1-картирование печени.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article provides an overview of non-invasive tests for diagnosing the activity and stage of fibrotic changes in liver tissue. Despite the high information content of biopsy, this invasive procedure has its drawbacks. The most common complication is bleeding, which occurs in 0.1-4.6 % of biopsies performed. Therefore, the availability and greater acceptance of non-invasive tests is now increasing. There are direct and indirect markers of liver fibrosis, the latter being used for NIT based serum markets. Of these, the most studied are the FibroTest group of tests, APRI index, FIB-4, AST / ALT ratio (AAR). In addition to the named NITs, there are other non-proprietary tests: the Lok index, which uses the level of platelets, AST, ALT, and INR; Fornes index - cholesterol, GGT, platelet count and age; King’s scale - age, AST, INR, platelet count; AAR is the ratio of AST and ALT, as well as other predictive models. The article also discusses ultrasound techniques: shear wave elastography, transient elastography (TE), point shear wave elastography (pSWE), multivariate shear wave elastography (2D-SWE). Considering the low specificity of NITs based on serum markers, the invasiveness of biopsy, there is a tendency to search for innovative diagnostic methods with high sensitivity. These methods include MRI elastography and T1 mapping of the liver.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фиброз печени</kwd><kwd>неинвазивная диагностика фиброза печени</kwd><kwd>прогностическая модель</kwd><kwd>эластометрия печени</kwd><kwd>МРТ-эластометрия</kwd><kwd>Т1-картирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>FibroTest</kwd><kwd>APRI</kwd><kwd>FIB-4</kwd><kwd>AAR</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клиническая морфология печени: фиброз / В.М. Цыркунов, Н.И. Прокопчик, В.П. Андреев [и др.] // Гепатология и гастроэнтерология. - 2018. - № 1. - C. 39-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Клиническая морфология печени: фиброз / В.М. Цыркунов, Н.И. Прокопчик, В.П. Андреев [и др.] // Гепатология и гастроэнтерология. - 2018. - № 1. - C. 39-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации Российского общества по изучению печени и Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по лечению осложнений цирроза печени / В.Т. Ивашкин, М.В. Маевская, Ч.С. Павлов [и др.] // Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. - 2016. - № 26(4). - С. 71-102. doi:10.22416/1382-4376-2016-26-4-71-102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Клинические рекомендации Российского общества по изучению печени и Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по лечению осложнений цирроза печени / В.Т. Ивашкин, М.В. Маевская, Ч.С. Павлов [и др.] // Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. - 2016. - № 26(4). - С. 71-102. doi:10.22416/1382-4376-2016-26-4-71-102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takyar V, Etzion O, Heller T, et al. Complications of percutaneous liver biopsy with Klatskin needles: a 36-year single-centre experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(5):744-753. doi:10.1111/apt.13939</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takyar V, Etzion O, Heller T, et al. Complications of percutaneous liver biopsy with Klatskin needles: a 36-year single-centre experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(5):744-753. doi:10.1111/apt.13939</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDonald G.B. Hepatobiliary complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation, 40 years on. Hepatology. 2010;51(4):1450-1460. doi:10.1002/hep.23533</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDonald G.B. Hepatobiliary complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation, 40 years on. Hepatology. 2010;51(4):1450-1460. doi:10.1002/hep.23533</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Midia M., Odedra D., Shuster A., Midia R., Muir J. Predictors of bleeding complications following percutaneous image-guided liver biopsy: a scoping review. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2019;25(1):71-80. doi:10.5152/ dir.2018.17525</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Midia M., Odedra D., Shuster A., Midia R., Muir J. Predictors of bleeding complications following percutaneous image-guided liver biopsy: a scoping review. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2019;25(1):71-80. doi:10.5152/ dir.2018.17525</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seeff L.B., Everson G.T., Morgan T.R., et al. Complication rate of percutaneous liver biopsies among persons with advanced chronic liver disease in the HALT-C trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(10):877-883. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.03.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seeff L.B., Everson G.T., Morgan T.R., et al. Complication rate of percutaneous liver biopsies among persons with advanced chronic liver disease in the HALT-C trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(10):877-883. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.03.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuberger J., Patel J., Caldwell H., et al. Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice from the British Society of Gastroenterology, the Royal College of Radiologists and the Royal College of Pathology. Gut. 2020;69(8):1382-1403. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321299</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuberger J., Patel J., Caldwell H., et al. Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice from the British Society of Gastroenterology, the Royal College of Radiologists and the Royal College of Pathology. Gut. 2020;69(8):1382-1403. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321299</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пирогова, И.Ю. Диагностика фиброза печени: инвазивные и неинвазивные методы / И.Ю. Пирогова, С.А. Пышкин // Сиб. мед. журн. - 2011. - № 3. - С. 10-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Пирогова, И.Ю. Диагностика фиброза печени: инвазивные и неинвазивные методы / И.Ю. Пирогова, С.А. Пышкин // Сиб. мед. журн. - 2011. - № 3. - С. 10-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sebastiani G, Gkouvatsos K, Pantopoulos K. Chronic hepatitis C and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(32):11033-11053. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sebastiani G, Gkouvatsos K, Pantopoulos K. Chronic hepatitis C and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(32):11033-11053. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vilar-Gomez E., Chalasani N. Non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical prediction rules and blood-based biomarkers. J Hepatol. 2018 Feb;68(2):305-315. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.013. Epub 2017 Dec 2. PMID: 29154965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vilar-Gomez E., Chalasani N. Non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical prediction rules and blood-based biomarkers. J Hepatol. 2018 Feb;68(2):305-315. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.013. Epub 2017 Dec 2. PMID: 29154965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлов, Ч.С. Современные возможности эластометрии, фибро- и акти-теста в диагностике фиброза печени / Ч.С. Павлов, Д.В. Глушенков, В.Т. Ивашкин // Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. - 2008. - № 4(18). - С. 43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Павлов, Ч.С. Современные возможности эластометрии, фибро- и акти-теста в диагностике фиброза печени / Ч.С. Павлов, Д.В. Глушенков, В.Т. Ивашкин // Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. - 2008. - № 4(18). - С. 43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel K, Sebastiani G. Limitations of non-invasive tests for assessment of liver fibrosis. JHEP Rep. 2020;2(2):100067. doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel K, Sebastiani G. Limitations of non-invasive tests for assessment of liver fibrosis. JHEP Rep. 2020;2(2):100067. doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щекотова, А.П. Современные методы лабораторной диагностики фиброза печени / А.П. Щекотова, М.С. Невзорова, О.А. Ермакова // Вестник науки и образования. - 2018. - № 17-2 (53). - 6 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Щекотова, А.П. Современные методы лабораторной диагностики фиброза печени / А.П. Щекотова, М.С. Невзорова, О.А. Ермакова // Вестник науки и образования. - 2018. - № 17-2 (53). - 6 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poynard T, Lassailly G, Diaz E, et al. Performance of biomarkers FibroTest, ActiTest, SteatoTest, and NashTest in patients with severe obesity: meta analysis of individual patient data. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e30325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030325</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poynard T, Lassailly G, Diaz E, et al. Performance of biomarkers FibroTest, ActiTest, SteatoTest, and NashTest in patients with severe obesity: meta analysis of individual patient data. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e30325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030325</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houot M, Ngo Y, Munteanu M, Marque S, Poynard T. Systematic review with meta-analysis: direct comparisons of biomarkers for the diagnosis of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C and B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(1):16-29. doi:10.1111/apt.13446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houot M, Ngo Y, Munteanu M, Marque S, Poynard T. Systematic review with meta-analysis: direct comparisons of biomarkers for the diagnosis of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C and B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(1):16-29. doi:10.1111/apt.13446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munteanu M, Pais R, Peta V, et al. Long-term prognostic value of the FibroTest in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, compared to chronic hepatitis C, B, and alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(10):1117-1127. doi:10.1111/apt.14990</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munteanu M, Pais R, Peta V, et al. Long-term prognostic value of the FibroTest in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, compared to chronic hepatitis C, B, and alcoholic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(10):1117-1127. doi:10.1111/apt.14990</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin ZH, Xin YN, Dong QJ, et al. Performance of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index for the staging of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: an updated meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;53:726-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin ZH, Xin YN, Dong QJ, et al. Performance of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index for the staging of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: an updated meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;53:726-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chou R, Wasson N. Blood tests to diagnose fibrosis or cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:807-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chou R, Wasson N. Blood tests to diagnose fibrosis or cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:807-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sterling R.K., Lissen E., Clumeck N., et. al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. Hepatology 2006;43:1317-1325.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sterling R.K., Lissen E., Clumeck N., et. al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. Hepatology 2006;43:1317-1325.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao G, Yang J, Yan L. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index and fibrosis-4 index for detecting liver fibrosis in adult patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2015 Jan;61(1):292-302. doi: 10.1002/hep.27382. Epub 2014 Nov 24. PMID: 25132233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao G, Yang J, Yan L. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index and fibrosis-4 index for detecting liver fibrosis in adult patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2015 Jan;61(1):292-302. doi: 10.1002/hep.27382. Epub 2014 Nov 24. PMID: 25132233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фазульзянова, А.И. Неинвазивные методы диагностики фиброза печени при хронической HCVинфекции / А.И. Фазульзянова, С.В Ткачева, А.К. Хусаинова [и др.] // Практическая медицина. - 2019. - № 8. - С. 44-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Фазульзянова, А.И. Неинвазивные методы диагностики фиброза печени при хронической HCVинфекции / А.И. Фазульзянова, С.В Ткачева, А.К. Хусаинова [и др.] // Практическая медицина. - 2019. - № 8. - С. 44-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L, Feng Y, Ma X, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of noninvasive liver fibrosis indexes in predicting portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182969. Published 2017 Aug 18. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0182969</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L, Feng Y, Ma X, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of noninvasive liver fibrosis indexes in predicting portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182969. Published 2017 Aug 18. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0182969</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lok AS, Ghany MG, Goodman ZD, Wright EC, Everson GT, Sterling RK, et al. Predicting cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C based on standard laboratory tests: results of the HALT-C cohort. Hepatology. 2005; 42: 282-292 doi: 10.1002/hep.20772</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lok AS, Ghany MG, Goodman ZD, Wright EC, Everson GT, Sterling RK, et al. Predicting cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C based on standard laboratory tests: results of the HALT-C cohort. Hepatology. 2005; 42: 282-292 doi: 10.1002/hep.20772</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hui AY, Chan HL, Wong VW, Liew CT, Chim AM, Chan FK, Sung JJ. Identification of chronic hepatitis B patients without significant liver fibrosis by a simple noninvasive predictive model. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar;100(3):616-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41289.x. PMID: 15743360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hui AY, Chan HL, Wong VW, Liew CT, Chim AM, Chan FK, Sung JJ. Identification of chronic hepatitis B patients without significant liver fibrosis by a simple noninvasive predictive model. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Mar;100(3):616-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41289.x. PMID: 15743360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Islam S, Antonsson L, Westin J, Lagging M. Cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients can be excluded using an index of standard biochemical serum markers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul;40(7):867-72. doi: 10.1080/00365520510015674. PMID: 16109665.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam S, Antonsson L, Westin J, Lagging M. Cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients can be excluded using an index of standard biochemical serum markers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul;40(7):867-72. doi: 10.1080/00365520510015674. PMID: 16109665.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gennisson JL, Deffieux T, Fink M, Tanter M. Ultrasound elastography: principles and techniques. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2013 May;94(5):487-95. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022. Epub 2013 Apr 22. PMID: 23619292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gennisson JL, Deffieux T, Fink M, Tanter M. Ultrasound elastography: principles and techniques. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2013 May;94(5):487-95. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022. Epub 2013 Apr 22. PMID: 23619292.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sigrist RMS, Liau J, Kaffas AE, Chammas MC, Willmann JK. Ultrasound Elastography: Review of Techniques and Clinical Applications. Theranostics. 2017;7(5):1303-1329. Published 2017 Mar 7. doi:10.7150/ thno.18650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sigrist RMS, Liau J, Kaffas AE, Chammas MC, Willmann JK. Ultrasound Elastography: Review of Techniques and Clinical Applications. Theranostics. 2017;7(5):1303-1329. Published 2017 Mar 7. doi:10.7150/ thno.18650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Применение современных методов оценки фиброза и стеатоза в диагностике хронических заболеваний печени в условиях стационарных и поликлинических условий. Методические рекомендации / Е.В. Винницская, ю.Г. Сандлер, В.А. Кейян [и др.]. - Москва: ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский клинический научно-практический центр имени А.С. Логинова, 2019. - 38 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Применение современных методов оценки фиброза и стеатоза в диагностике хронических заболеваний печени в условиях стационарных и поликлинических условий. Методические рекомендации / Е.В. Винницская, ю.Г. Сандлер, В.А. Кейян [и др.]. - Москва: ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Московский клинический научно-практический центр имени А.С. Логинова, 2019. - 38 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garra BS. Elastography: history, principles, and technique comparison. Abdom Imaging. 2015 Apr;40(4):680-97. doi: 10.1007/s00261-014-0305-8. PMID: 25637125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garra BS. Elastography: history, principles, and technique comparison. Abdom Imaging. 2015 Apr;40(4):680-97. doi: 10.1007/s00261-014-0305-8. PMID: 25637125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedrich-Rust M, Nierhoff J, Lupsor M, Sporea I, Fierbinteanu-Braticevici C, Strobel D, Takahashi H, Yoneda M, Suda T, Zeuzem S, Herrmann E. Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis: a pooled meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2012 Feb;19(2):e212-9. doi: 10.1111/j.13652893.2011.01537.x. Epub 2011 Oct 30. PMID: 22239521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedrich-Rust M, Nierhoff J, Lupsor M, Sporea I, Fierbinteanu-Braticevici C, Strobel D, Takahashi H, Yoneda M, Suda T, Zeuzem S, Herrmann E. Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis: a pooled meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2012 Feb;19(2):e212-9. doi: 10.1111/j.13652893.2011.01537.x. Epub 2011 Oct 30. PMID: 22239521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Славко, Е. А. Неинвазивные методы диагностики фиброза при диффузных заболеваниях печени / Е. A. Славко, Е. В. Шижаева, А. Г. Сатубалдина // Вестник КазНМУ. - 2017. - № 1. - С. 17-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Славко, Е. А. Неинвазивные методы диагностики фиброза при диффузных заболеваниях печени / Е. A. Славко, Е. В. Шижаева, А. Г. Сатубалдина // Вестник КазНМУ. - 2017. - № 1. - С. 17-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанян, И.А. Двухмерная эластография сдвиговой волной и рутинные неинвазивные индексы в диагностике фиброза печени / И.А. Степанян, В.А. Изранов, С.А. [и др.]// Вестник Балтийского федерального университета им. И. Канта. Серия: Естественные и медицинские науки. - 2018. - № 4. - С. 114-121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Степанян, И.А. Двухмерная эластография сдвиговой волной и рутинные неинвазивные индексы в диагностике фиброза печени / И.А. Степанян, В.А. Изранов, С.А. [и др.]// Вестник Балтийского федерального университета им. И. Канта. Серия: Естественные и медицинские науки. - 2018. - № 4. - С. 114-121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huwart L, Sempoux C, Vicaut E, Salameh N, Annet L, Danse E, Peeters F, ter Beek LC, Rahier J, Sinkus R, Horsmans Y, Van Beers BE. Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2008 Jul;135(1):32-40. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.076. Epub 2008 Apr 4. PMID: 18471441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huwart L, Sempoux C, Vicaut E, Salameh N, Annet L, Danse E, Peeters F, ter Beek LC, Rahier J, Sinkus R, Horsmans Y, Van Beers BE. Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2008 Jul;135(1):32-40. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.076. Epub 2008 Apr 4. PMID: 18471441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai M., Afdhal N. H. Liver Fibrosis Determination. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2019 doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2019.02.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai M., Afdhal N. H. Liver Fibrosis Determination. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2019 doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2019.02.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
