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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vfumed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Северо-Восточного федерального университета имени М.К. Аммосова. Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Серия «Медицинские науки. Medical Sciences»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Medical Sciences</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5590</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Северо-Восточный федеральный университет имени М.К. Аммосова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25587/SVFU.2022.29.4.011</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vfumed-202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEALTH SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РОЛЬ ЭНДОТЕЛИЯ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ФИБРОЗА ПЕЧЕНИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE ROLE OF ENDOTHELIUM IN THE FORMATION OF LIVER FIBROSIS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloveva</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>СОЛОВЬЕВА Юлия Алексеевна – ст. преп. кафедры «Госпитальная терапия, профессиональные болезни и клиническая фармакология» медицинского института </p><p>677000 г. Якутск, ул. Ойунского, 27, кв. 317</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>SOLOVEVA Yulia Alekseevna – Senior Lecturer, Department of Hospital Therapy, Occupational Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine</p><p>677000 Yakutsk, ul. Oyunskogo, 27</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">md.pop@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пожидаева</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pozhidaeva</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ПОЖИДАЕВА Валентина Ивановна – студент 2 курса стоматологического факультета группы 201-2 медицинского института </p><p>677008 г. Якутск, ул. Лермонтова, 102, кв. 206</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>POZHIDAEVA Valentina Ivanovna – 2nd year student, group 201-2, Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Medicine</p><p>77008 Yakutsk, ul. Lermontova 102, apt. 206</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Chemodan_zla@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>СОРОКИНА Анастасия Вячеславовна – студент 2 курса стоматологического факультета группы 201/1 медицинского института </p><p>677027 г. Якутск, ул. Горького, 94, кв. 129</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>SOROKINA Anastasia Vyacheslavovna – 2nd year student, group 201/1, Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Medicine</p><p>677027 Yakutsk, ul. Gorkogo, 94</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nastya14mor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Северо-Восточный федеральный университет им. М.К. Аммосова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Соловьева Ю.А., Пожидаева В.И., Сорокина А.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соловьева Ю.А., Пожидаева В.И., Сорокина А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soloveva Y.A., Pozhidaeva V.I., Sorokina A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.smnsvfu.ru/jour/article/view/202">https://www.smnsvfu.ru/jour/article/view/202</self-uri><abstract><p>Хронические заболевания печени представляют собой серьезную проблему для общественного здравоохранения во всем мире. Значительная доля проявлений и осложнений хронических заболеваний печени обусловлена фиброзом печени и последующим его переходом в цирроз печени. Начальным и, более того, ключевым звеном в формировании фиброзных изменений печени являются синусоидальные эндотелиальные клетки печени (LSEC). Ввиду уникальной структуры и центральному положению эндотелиальной ткани печени в патогенезе фиброза, представляется актуальным представление современных данных в виде настоящего обзора. LSEC – это единственные эндотелиальные клетки в организме, лишенные базальной мембраны и содержащие трансцеллюлярные поры – фенестры. На самых начальных этапах процесса фиброгенеза LSEC меняют свой фенотип: теряют фенестры и развивают базальную мембрану, превращаясь в непрерывный эндотелий. LSEC участвуют в фиброзе посредством секреции ангиокринных сигналов, которые действуют как паракринные факторы, уравновешивающие реакцию печени на повреждение в сторону фиброза или регенерации. Клетки LSEC чувствительны к малейшим изменениям микросреды, при длительном воздействии быстро меняют свой фенотип, нарушаются их многочисленные функции, в том числе сосудорасширяющая, противовоспалительная, антитромботическая и антифиброзная, а также регуляция ангиогенеза и регенерации, предотвращение активации HSC. Такие изменения фенотипа называются эндотелиальной дисфункцией. Потеря клетками LSEC фенестр (капилляризация) является начальным событием при фиброзе печени. Он предшествует активации HSC и способствует фиброзу и прогрессированию циррозу печени. Фенестры поддерживают гомеостаз печени, способствуют эффективной транспортировке липопротеинов, регулируют регенерацию печени и иммунную толерантность. Размеры фенестр LSEC составляют примерно 50-200 нм в диаметре, и большинство из них сгруппировано в несколько десятков ультраструктур, называемых ситовидными пластинками. Хроническое повреждение печени приводит к глубокой дедифференцировке LSEC, которые теряют свои вазопротекторные свойства и становятся сосудосуживающими, провоспалительными и протромботическими. </p><p>Основные молекулярные нарушения регуляции, наблюдаемые в LSEC при хроническом заболевании печени, включают потерю фенестр и развитие базальной мембраны, которые препятствуют обмену молекул, таких как липопротеины и кислород, с гепатоцитами, способствуя стеатозу и паренхиматозному апоптозу; снижение NO за счет подавления KLF2 и активности эндотелиальной NO-синтазы (eNOS) вместе с усилением поглощения NO, опосредованного АФК, что приводит к активации звездчатых клеток печени и отложению внеклеточного матрикса; повышенную продукцию вазоконстрикторов (таких как эндотелин 1 или тромбоксан A2) и провоспалительных цитокинов, что еще больше усугубляет сужение синусоидов. Эти патологические изменения приводят к синусоидальной вазоконстрикции, микрососудистой дисфункции, фиброзу и, в конечном итоге, к развитию портальной гипертензии. Таким образом, LSEC играют сложные взаимосвязанные роли в поддержании гомеостаза печени и участвуют в качестве факторов воспаления и фиброгенеза при заболеваниях печени. Их уникальное положение, фенотип и функция делают их привлекательными кандидатами для органоспецифической терапии, и вполне вероятно, что в будущем будет испытано больше методов лечения, нацеленных на эти клетки, в качестве новых методов лечения для уменьшения повреждения печени и воспаления, а также для предотвращения или обращения вспять фиброгенеза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic liver disease is a worldwide health problem. A significant proportion of the manifestations and complications of chronic liver diseases is due to liver fibrosis and its subsequent transition to liver cirrhosis. The initial and the key link in the formation of fibrotic changes in the liver are liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC). In view of the unique structure and central position of the liver endothelial tissue in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, it seems relevant to present current data in the form of this review. LSECs are the only endothelial cells in the body that lack a basement membrane and contain transcellular pores called fenestrae. At the initial stages of the fibrogenesis process, LSECs change their phenotype: they lose fenestrae and develop a basement membrane, turning into a continuous endothelium. LSECs are involved in fibrosis through the secretion of angiocrine signals that act as paracrine factors that balance the liver’s response to injury towards fibrosis or regeneration. LSEC cells are very sensitive to the slightest changes in the microenvironment, with prolonged exposure they quickly change their phenotype, their numerous functions are disrupted, including vasodilator, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antifibrotic, as well as the regulation of angiogenesis and regeneration, and prevention of HSC activation. Such changes in the phenotype are called endothelial dysfunction. Loss of fenestres (capillaryization) by LSEC cells is the initial event in liver fibrosis. It precedes HSC activation and promotes fibrosis and progression to cirrhosis. Fenestra maintains liver homeostasis, promotes efficient transport of lipoproteins, regulates liver regeneration and immune tolerance. LSEC fenestra are approximately 50-200 nm in diameter, and most of them are clustered into several dozen ultrastructures called sieve plates. Chronic liver injury leads to deep dedifferentiation of LSECs, which lose their vasoprotective properties and become vasoconstrictive, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic. Major molecular dysregulations seen in LSEC in chronic liver disease </p><p>include fenestra loss and basement membrane development that interfere with the exchange of molecules such as lipoproteins and oxygen with hepatocytes, promoting steatosis and parenchymal apoptosis; reduction of NO by suppression of KLF2 and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity, together with an increase in ROS-mediated NO uptake, leading to activation of hepatic stellate cells and deposition of extracellular matrix; increased production of vasoconstrictors (such as endothelin 1 or thromboxane A2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, further exacerbating sinusoidal constriction. These pathological changes lead to sinusoidal vasoconstriction, microvascular dysfunction, fibrosis, and ultimately portal hypertension. Thus, LSECs play complex interrelated roles in maintaining liver homeostasis and are involved as factors in inflammation and fibrogenesis in liver diseases. Their unique position, phenotype, and function make them attractive candidates for organ-specific therapies, and it is likely that more therapies targeting these cells will be tested in the future as novel therapies to reduce liver damage and inflammation, and to prevent or reversal of fibrogenesis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>печень</kwd><kwd>синусоидальные эндотелиальные клетки печени</kwd><kwd>LSEC</kwd><kwd>фиброз печени</kwd><kwd>эндотелиальная дисфункция</kwd><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liver</kwd><kwd>liver sinusoidal endothelial cells</kwd><kwd>LSEC</kwd><kwd>liver fibrosis</kwd><kwd>endothelial dysfunction</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parola M., Pinzani M. 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